Advanced Search. Skip Nav Destination Book Chapter. Author s. Engebretson David C. Google Scholar. Allan Cox Allan Cox. Richard G. Gordon Richard G. Get Permissions. You do not currently have access to this chapter. You could not be signed in. Librarian Administrator Sign In. Buy This Chapter. GSA Special Papers. Engebretson ; David C. Along the East Pacific Rise, molten rock magma upwells from Earth's mantle , adding crust to the plates on each side of the rise.
These plates are thus forced apart, causing them to collide with the continental plates adjacent to their outer edges. Under this tremendous pressure, the continental plates fold into mountain ranges and the oceanic plates are forced downward, forming deep trenches called subduction zones. The stresses at these areas of subduction are responsible for the earthquakes and volcanoes that give the Pacific basin the name "Ring of Fire. The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of Earth's five oceans, the most heavily traveled, and the most intensely studied, principally because of its importance in ship traffic between Europe and North America.
This ocean's name is derived from Atlas, one of the Titans of Greek mythology. The Atlantic Ocean occupies about 20 percent of Earth's surface, representing approximately 75 million square kilometers 29 million square miles.
The Atlantic is divided into two nominal sections: the part north of the equator is called the North Atlantic; the part south of the equator, the South Atlantic. The ocean is essentially an S-shaped north-south channel, extending from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, and situated between the eastern coast of the American continents and the western coasts of Europe and Africa.
The world ocean with five major subdivisions covers nearly three-fourths of Earth's surface. From left to right are the easily recognizable eastern Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and western Pacific Oceans, whereas the Arctic Ocean top and Antarctic Southern Ocean bottom are less apparent.
The Atlantic Ocean has an average depth of 3, meters 12, feet. At its deepest point, in the Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico Trench, the bottom is 8, meters 28, feet below the surface.
The Atlantic began to form during the Jurassic period, about million years ago, when a rift opened up in the supercontinent of Gondwana, resulting in the separation of South America and Africa. Along the American, African, and European coasts are the continental shelves of the Atlantic basin. These are areas of debris washed from the continents. Submarine ridges and rises extend roughly east-west between the continental shelves and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, dividing the eastern and western ocean floors into a series of basins, also known as abyssal plains.
The three subbasins on the American side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are more than 5, meters 16, feet deep: the North American basin, the Brazil basin, and the Argentina basin. The break in the ridge at the equator, called the Romanche furrow, is important because it gives the deep ocean water a gap to flow through, which influences the currents and temperature of the Atlantic Ocean. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the five oceans.
It is bounded on the west by Africa, on the north by Asia, on the east by Australia and the Australasian islands, and on the south by the Southern Ocean. No natural boundary separates the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic Ocean, but a line about 4, kilometers 2, miles long, connecting Cape Agulhas at the southern end of Africa with Antarctica, is generally considered to be the boundary.
The average depth of the basin is about 4, meters 13, feet , although the Java Trench reaches a depth of over 7, meters 23, feet. A decision by the International Hydrographic Organization in the spring of delimited a fifth world ocean, the Southern Ocean. The Southern Ocean is now the fourth largest of the world's five oceans. The Southern Ocean has the unique distinction of being a large circumpolar body of water totally encircling the continent of Antarctica.
We suggest using alternatives that are more appropriate and self- explanatory such as "primary", "secondary", "blocklist" and "allowlist".
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